Digital Logic-Logic Gates

Logic Gates

If we think of two signals, A and B, as representing a truth value of two different propositions, then A could be either TRUE (a logical 1) or FALSE (a logical 0). B can take on the same values. Now consider a situation in which the output, C, is TRUE only when both A is TRUE and B is TRUE. We can construct a truth table for this situation. In that truth table, we insert all of the possible combinations of inputs, A and B, and for every combination of A and B we list the output, C.
 

A	B	C
False	False	False
False	True	False
True	False	False
True	True	True

An AND Example

Let's imagine a physician prescribing two drugs. For some conditions drug A is prescribed, and for other conditions drug B is prescribed. Taken separately each drug is safe. When used together dangerous side effects are produced.

Let
A = Truth of the statement "Drug 'A' is prescribed.".
B = Truth of the statement "Drug 'B' is prescribed.".
C = Truth of the statement "The patient is in danger.".

Then, the truth table below shows when the patient is in danger.

 

A	B	C
False	False	False
False	True	False
True	False	False
True	True	True

Notice that C is TRUE when both A AND B are true and only then!

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AND GATES

An AND function can be implemented electrically using a device known as an AND gate. You might imagine a system in which zero (0) is represented by zero (0) volts, and one (1) is represented by three (3) volts, for example. If we are going to use electrical devices we need some sort of symbolic representation. There is a standard symbol for an AND gate shown below.





Often in lab work it's helpful to use an LED to show when a signal is 0 or 1. Usually a 1 is indicated with an LED that is ON (i.e. glowing). You can use the buttons below to check out this AND gate (Note what an AND gate symbol looks like!) with a simulated LED. Note the following in the simulation (and you can use this in your lab experiments).


To get a logical zero, connect the input of the gate to ground to have zero (0) volts input.
To get a logical one, connect the input of the gate to a five (5) volts source to have five volts at the input.
Each button controls one switch (two buttons - two switches) so that you can control the individual inputs to the gate.
Each time you click a button, you toggle the switch to the opposite position.

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        Once we introduce Boolean variables, we can rethink the concept of a truth table. In the truth table below, if A, B and C are truth tables and we have an AND gate with A and B as inputs and C as the output, the truth table would look like this.

A	B	C
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

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OR Gates

Consider a case where a pressure can be high and a temperature can be high Let's assume we have two sensors that measure temperature and pressure.. The first sensor has an output, T, that is 1 when a temperature in a boiler is too high, and 0 otherwise. The second sensor produces an output, P, that is 1 when the pressure is too high, and 0otherwise. Now, for the boiler, we have a dangerous situation when either the temperature or the pressure is too high. It only takes one. Let's construct a truth table for this situation. The output, D, is 1 when danger exists.   
 

T	P	D
False	False	False
False	True	True
True	False	True
True	True	True

        

What we have done is defined an OR gate. An OR gate is a gate for which the output is 1 whenever one or more of the inputs is 1. The output of an OR gate is 0 only when all inputs are 0. Shown below is a schematic symbol for an OR gate, together with the simulated LEDs and input buttons so that you can explore OR gate behavior.



In terms of Boolean variables, the truth table for an OR gate looks like this.
  
 

A	B	C
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1

NOT Gates (Inverters)

A third important logical element is the inverter. An inverter does pretty much what it says. If the input is 0, the output is 1. Conversely, if the input is 1, the output is 0. The symbol for an inverter is shown below. Again, you can putter with this inverter with the simulated LEDs. X is the input to the inverter. The output is NOT-X represented as ~1 or:

The truth table for an inverter is pretty simple since there is only one input. Call the input A, and the output C, and the truth table is:

A	C
0	1
1	0

NAND Gates

        

There is another important kind of gate, the NAND gate. Actually, the way to start thinking about a NAND gate is to think of it as an AND gate with an inverter on the output. That's shown below.





Actually, however, the symbol for a NAND gate compresses the inverter down to a dot at the output of the NAND gate as shown below.

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Digital Logic-Think Binary !

Think Binary!

Let's examine a typical situation. You have some sort of device that generates a logic signal.
It could be a telephone that converts your voice signal into a sequence of zeros and ones.
It could be the thermostat on the wall that generates a 1 when the temperature is too low, and a 0 when the temperature is above the set point temperature.

The logic signal, A, takes on values of 0 (FALSE, OFF) or 1 (TRUE, ON). That signal might really be a voltage, a switch closure, etc. However, we want to think in terms of zeros and ones, not in terms of the values of the voltage.






Operations on Logic Signals

Once we have the concept of a logic signal we can talk about operations that can be performed on logic signals. Begin by assuming we have two logic signals, A and B. Then assume that those two signals form an input set to some circuit that takes two logic signals as inputs, and has an output that is also a logic signal. That situation is represented below.







The output, C, depends upon the inputs, A and B. There are many different ways that C could depend upon A and B. The output, C, is a function, - a logic function - of the inputs, A and B. IWe will examine a few basic logic functions - AND, OR and NOT functions and start learning the circuitry that you use to implement those functions.

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Digital Logic- Introduction

DIGITAL LOGIC

Introduction

Digital, or boolean, logic is the fundamental concept underpinning all modern computer systems. Put simply, it’s the system of rules that allow us to make extremely complicated decisions based on relatively simple “yes/no” questions.

In this tutorial you will learn about…

Digital circuitry

Digital logic circuits can be broken down into two subcategories- combinational and sequential. Combinational logic changes “instantly”- the output of the circuit responds as soon as the input changes (with some delay, of course, since the propagation of the signal through the circuit elements takes a little time). Sequential circuits have a clock signal, and changes propagate through stages of the circuit on edges of the clock.

Typically, a sequential circuit will be built up of blocks of combinational logic separated by memory elements that are activated by a clock signal.

Programming

Digital logic is important in programming, as well. Understanding digital logic makes complex decision making possible in programs.

There are also some subtleties in programming that are important to understand; we’ll get into that once we’ve covered the basics.

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